Exhibit 99.1
Red Robin Gourmet Burgers Reports Financial Results for the Third Quarter Ended October 2, 2005, Provides Guidance for Fourth Quarter and Updates Full Year 2005
Greenwood Village, CO (BUSINESS WIRE) November 3, 2005 Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (Nasdaq: RRGB), the casual dining company that serves up fun, feel-good experiences by offering its guests an imaginative selection of high-quality gourmet burgers and innovative menu items in a family-friendly environment, today reported financial results for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, and updated guidance for the fourth quarter and full fiscal year 2005.
As previously announced, the Companys financial results for the third quarter and forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 include two significant and unusual items: a pre-tax gain of $1.25 million, or approximately $0.05 per share after-tax, related to certain expenses which the Companys former chief executive officer reimbursed to the Company and a non-cash pre-tax charge of approximately $2.8 million, or $0.11 per share after-tax, for stock options that were previously accelerated and were exercised by the former chief executive officer and the former chief financial officer in 2002. Combined, these two significant and unusual items reduced income from operations by approximately $1.5 million and diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.06. The Company reported diluted earnings per share of $0.39 and $1.31 for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, respectively, including this $0.06 per share charge.
Financial and Operational Highlights
Highlights for the third quarter of 2005 compared to the same quarter last year are as follows:
| Total revenues increased 16.2% to $114.2 million |
| Company-owned comparable restaurant sales increased 2.1% |
| Restaurant-level operating profit increased 10.3% to $24.2 million |
| Income from operations, which includes a net charge of $1.5 million for significant and unusual items, was $10.4 million versus $11.2 million |
| Diluted earnings per share were $0.39, net of the $0.06 charge attributed to significant and unusual items, compared to $0.43 in 2004 |
Highlights for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 compared to the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004, are as follows:
| Total revenues increased 20.8% to $369.5 million |
| Company-owned comparable restaurant sales increased 4.3% |
| Restaurant-level operating profit increased 21.6% to $77.4 million |
| Income from operations, which includes a net charge of $1.5 million for significant and unusual items, increased 25.1% to $35.5 million |
| Diluted earnings per share, which includes the $0.06 per share charge attributed to significant and unusual items, increased 21.3% to $1.31, compared to $1.08 a year ago |
We are very proud of our third quarter accomplishments. Despite economic factors caused primarily by higher energy costs and other challenges during the quarter, guests continued to
respond to the exceptional guest experiences being created by the entire Red Robin team, said Dennis Mullen, chairman and chief executive officer.
During the third quarter, Red Robin opened four new company-owned restaurants, for a total of 15 new company-owned restaurants opened during the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005. Franchisees opened one new restaurant in the third quarter, increasing franchise restaurants opened during the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 to ten. As of the end of the third quarter, there were 152 company-owned and 127 franchised Red Robin® restaurants.
From October 3 through November 3, 2005, the Company opened an additional eight new restaurants and franchisees opened an additional five new restaurants, bringing the Companys total system restaurant count to 292 Red Robin® restaurants. During the remainder of 2005, the Company plans to open an additional three restaurants, and franchisees are expecting to open an additional two to four restaurants.
Third Quarter Results
Comparable restaurant sales increased 2.1% for company-owned restaurants in the third quarter of 2005 compared to the third quarter of 2004, driven by a 0.9% increase in guest counts and a 1.2% increase in the average guest check. Comparable sales in the third quarter of 2005 for franchise restaurants in the U.S. and Canada increased 1.8% and 4.1% over the third quarter of 2004, respectively.
Total Company revenues, which include company-owned restaurant sales and franchise royalties and fees, increased 16.2% to $114.2 million in the third quarter of 2005, compared to $98.3 million in last years third quarter. Average weekly comparable sales for company-owned restaurants were $63,467 for the third quarter of 2005, compared to $62,184 for the same quarter a year ago.
The Companys franchise royalties and fees increased $345,800, or 12.3%, in the third quarter of 2005, compared to the same period a year ago. This increase was primarily attributable to royalties generated from the 27 franchise restaurants opened in 2004 and 2005. For the third quarter, Red Robins franchise system reported an increase in total U.S. franchise restaurant sales of 12.6%, to $75.8 million, compared to $67.3 million in the prior year period. Average weekly sales in the third quarter for Red Robins comparable franchise restaurants were $58,340 in the U.S. versus $57,335 for the same period last year, and $44,763 in Canada versus $43,020 for the same period last year. Canadian results are in Canadian dollars.
Restaurant-level operating profit margin decreased to 21.8% for the third quarter of 2005 from 23.0% in the third quarter of 2004 and increased from 21.7% in the second quarter of 2005. This decrease in restaurant-level profit margin from last years record levels is primarily attributed to increases in labor and operating costs somewhat offset by improvements in cost of sales.
Diluted earnings per share were $0.39 for the third quarter of 2005, which exceeded the Companys previously issued guidance of $0.33 to $0.35 per share. Comparisons between diluted earnings per share of $0.43 for the third quarter of 2004 were affected by the net impact of two significant and unusual items which reduced diluted earnings per share during the third quarter of 2005 by approximately $0.06.
Year-to-Date Results
Comparable restaurant sales increased 4.3% for company-owned restaurants in the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, over the year ago comparable period, driven by a 2.0% increase in guest counts and a 2.3% increase in the average guest check. Comparable sales in the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 for franchise restaurants in the U.S. and Canada increased 4.4% and 4.8%, respectively, over the year ago comparable period.
Total Company revenues, which include company-owned restaurant sales and franchise royalties and fees, increased 20.8% to $369.5 million for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, compared to $305.8 million for the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004. Average weekly comparable sales for company-owned restaurants were $63,976 for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, compared to $61,352 for the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004.
The Companys franchise royalties and fees for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 increased $1.5 million, or 16.9%, compared to the same period a year ago. This increase was primarily attributable to royalties generated from the 27 franchise restaurants opened in 2004 and 2005. For the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005, Red Robins franchise system reported an increase in total U.S. franchise restaurant sales of 19.5%, to $248.5 million, compared to $207.9 million in the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004. Average weekly sales in the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 for Red Robins comparable franchise restaurants were $58,836 in the U.S. versus $56,364 for the same period last year, and $43,525 in Canada versus $41,530 for the same period last year. Canadian results are in Canadian dollars.
Net income for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 was $21.9 million or $1.31 per diluted share, compared to net income of $17.7 million or $1.08 per diluted share in the prior year period. Net income for the forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 reflects the impact of the two significant and unusual items which reduced net income by approximately $1.5 million and diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.06.
The Companys restaurant-level operating profit metric does not represent operating income or net income calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Schedule 1 of this earnings release reconciles restaurant-level operating profit to income from operations and net income for all periods presented.
Outlook
For the fourth quarter ending on December 25, 2005, the Company expects total revenues of approximately $118.0 to $119.5 million and net income of approximately $0.40 to $0.41 per diluted share. These projected results are based upon certain assumptions, including an expected comparable restaurant sales increase of 3.0% to 4.0%, the opening of 11 new company-owned restaurants during the quarter and the expensing of the associated pre-opening costs. Franchisees are expecting to open 7 to 9 new restaurants during the fourth quarter.
For full year 2005, the Company expects revenues of approximately $487.5 to $489.0 million and net income of $1.71 to $1.73 per diluted share. This estimate assumes a comparable restaurant sales increase of approximately 4.0%, the addition of 26 new company-owned restaurants and 17 to 19 new franchise restaurants during 2005. The Company previously announced that it expected revenues for the full year 2005 of approximately $487 to $491 million and net income of $1.69 to $1.72 per diluted share.
Investor Conference Call and Webcast
Red Robin will host an investor conference call to discuss its third quarter results today at 5:00 p.m. ET. The conference call number is (800) 811-8845 and the Company will broadcast its conference call over the Internet. To access the broadcast, please visit www.redrobin.com and select the Investors link from the menu. The quarterly financial information that we intend to discuss during the conference call is included in this press release and will be available on the Investors link of the Companys website at www.redrobin.com for 12 months following the conference call. The webcast replay will be available through December 25, 2005.
About Red Robin Gourmet Burgers
Red Robin Gourmet Burgers (www.redrobin.com) is a casual dining restaurant chain that serves an imaginative selection of high quality gourmet burgers to Americas families, particularly women, teens and tweens. Red Robin serves gourmet burgers in a variety of recipes with bottomless fries, as well as many other items including salads, soups, appetizers, entrees, desserts, and its signature Mad Mixology® specialty beverages. There are more than 290 Red Robin® restaurants across the United States and Canada.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain information contained in this press release includes forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements which are other than statements of historical facts. These statements may be identified, without limitation, by the use of forward-looking terminology such as may, will, anticipates, expects, believes, intends, should or comparable terms or the negative thereof. All forward-looking statements included in this press release are based on information available to the Company on the date hereof. Such statements speak only as of the date hereof. These statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following: our ability to achieve and manage our planned expansion; our ability to raise capital in the future and to restructure our existing debt financing prior to its stated maturity in May 2006; the impact and costs of litigation and investigations; the ability of our franchisees to open and manage new restaurants; our franchisees adherence to our practices, policies and procedures; changes in the availability and costs of food; changes in energy costs; changes in the cost and availability of building materials and restaurant supplies; potential fluctuation in our quarterly operating results due to seasonality and other factors; the assimilation of our new chief executive officer and our new chief financial officer, and the continued service of key management personnel; the concentration of our restaurants in the Western United States; our ability to protect our name and logo and other proprietary information; changes in consumer preferences, general economic conditions or consumer discretionary spending; health concerns about our food products and food preparation; the effect of competition in the restaurant industry; our ability to attract, motivate and retain qualified team members; the impact of federal, state or local government regulations relating to our team members or the sale of food or alcoholic beverages; the costs associated with pending litigation and investigations; additional costs associated with compliance, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related regulations and requirements; the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting; future changes in financial accounting standards; and other risk factors described from time to time in SEC reports filed by the Company.
For further information contact:
Don Duffy
Integrated Corporate Relations
203-682-8200
RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)
October 2, 2005 |
December 26, 2004 |
|||||||
Assets: |
||||||||
Current Assets: |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 3,202 | $ | 4,980 | ||||
Accounts receivable, net |
3,386 | 2,345 | ||||||
Inventories |
5,280 | 5,422 | ||||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
2,663 | 4,401 | ||||||
Income tax refund receivable |
| 1,779 | ||||||
Deferred tax asset |
1,605 | 1,605 | ||||||
Restricted current assets marketing funds |
1,443 | 1,145 | ||||||
Total current assets |
17,579 | 21,677 | ||||||
Property and equipment, net |
258,776 | 205,304 | ||||||
Deferred tax asset |
1,453 | 1,468 | ||||||
Goodwill |
25,720 | 25,720 | ||||||
Other intangible assets, net |
7,471 | 7,584 | ||||||
Other assets, net |
2,303 | 2,748 | ||||||
Total assets |
$ | 313,302 | $ | 264,501 | ||||
Liabilities and Stockholders Equity: |
||||||||
Current Liabilities: |
||||||||
Trade accounts payable |
$ | 4,918 | $ | 4,409 | ||||
Construction related payables |
13,110 | 5,350 | ||||||
Accrued payroll and payroll related liabilities |
15,509 | 14,637 | ||||||
Unredeemed gift certificates |
3,490 | 5,646 | ||||||
Accrued liabilities |
8,315 | 7,241 | ||||||
Accrued liabilities marketing funds |
1,443 | 1,145 | ||||||
Current portion of debt and capital lease obligations |
35,320 | 3,148 | ||||||
Total current liabilities |
82,105 | 41,576 | ||||||
Deferred rent payable |
14,515 | 13,378 | ||||||
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations |
13,605 | 44,595 | ||||||
Other non-current liabilities |
5,041 | 3,219 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies |
||||||||
Stockholders Equity: |
||||||||
Common stock |
16 | 16 | ||||||
Preferred stock |
| | ||||||
Treasury stock, at cost |
(83 | ) | | |||||
Additional paid-in capital |
135,990 | 125,685 | ||||||
Deferred stock compensation |
| (50 | ) | |||||
Receivables from stockholders/officers |
| (4,155 | ) | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax |
23 | | ||||||
Retained earnings |
62,090 | 40,237 | ||||||
Total stockholders equity |
198,036 | 161,733 | ||||||
Total liabilities and stockholders equity |
$ | 313,302 | $ | 264,501 | ||||
RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Twelve-Weeks Ended |
Forty Weeks Ended |
|||||||||||||
October 2, 2005 |
October 3, 2004 |
October 2, 2005 |
October 3, 2004 |
|||||||||||
Revenues: |
||||||||||||||
Restaurant |
$ | 110,993 | $ | 95,439 | $ | 358,808 | $ | 296,628 | ||||||
Franchise royalties and fees |
3,158 | 2,812 | 10,445 | 8,933 | ||||||||||
Rent revenue |
61 | 61 | 272 | 258 | ||||||||||
Total revenues |
114,212 | 98,312 | 369,525 | 305,819 | ||||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||
Restaurant operating costs: |
||||||||||||||
Cost of sales |
25,316 | 22,328 | 83,910 | 70,443 | ||||||||||
Labor |
37,521 | 31,583 | 120,989 | 100,426 | ||||||||||
Operating |
16,726 | 13,495 | 53,653 | 43,124 | ||||||||||
Occupancy |
7,199 | 6,061 | 22,839 | 18,990 | ||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
6,150 | 5,264 | 19,393 | 15,979 | ||||||||||
General and administrative |
7,987 | 7,174 | 27,506 | 24,691 | ||||||||||
Significant and unusual items |
1,543 | | 1,543 | | ||||||||||
Pre-opening costs |
1,364 | 1,198 | 4,175 | 3,773 | ||||||||||
Total costs and expenses |
103,806 | 87,103 | 334,008 | 277,426 | ||||||||||
Income from operations |
10,406 | 11,209 | 35,517 | 28,393 | ||||||||||
Interest expense, net |
692 | 538 | 2,211 | 1,776 | ||||||||||
Other |
38 | (28 | ) | 101 | (197 | ) | ||||||||
Income before income taxes |
9,676 | 10,699 | 33,205 | 26,814 | ||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
3,209 | 3,608 | 11,352 | 9,134 | ||||||||||
Net income |
$ | 6,467 | $ | 7,091 | $ | 21,853 | $ | 17,680 | ||||||
Earnings per share: |
||||||||||||||
Basic |
$ | 0.40 | $ | 0.44 | $ | 1.35 | $ | 1.10 | ||||||
Diluted |
$ | 0.39 | $ | 0.43 | $ | 1.31 | $ | 1.08 | ||||||
Weighted average shares outstanding: |
||||||||||||||
Basic |
16,350 | 16,043 | 16,244 | 16,002 | ||||||||||
Diluted |
16,685 | 16,443 | 16,639 | 16,344 | ||||||||||
Revenue Reporting Change
As previously disclosed, during the current fiscal year the Company changed the manner in which it reports restaurant revenues and costs relating to complimentary team member meals. This change has no effect on net income. Historically, the Company reported the complimentary portion of team member meals as restaurant revenues, with an offsetting operating expense reported in restaurant labor and general and administrative costs. The Company no longer includes the complimentary portion of team member meals as restaurant revenues. This change results in a decrease in restaurant revenues and a corresponding decrease in restaurant labor and general and administrative costs. All amounts reported throughout this press release have been adjusted to reflect this change in reporting, including our outlook for the fourth quarter and full year 2005. The impact on the prior year periods presented above is as follows: For the twelve weeks ended October 3, 2004, restaurant revenues decreased by $1.3 million, or 1.4%, and restaurant labor and general and administrative costs decreased by $1.3 million and $48,700, respectively. For the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004, restaurant revenues decreased by $4.3 million, or 1.4%, and restaurant labor and general and administrative costs decreased by $4.1 million and $175,400, respectively.
RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Forty Weeks Ended |
||||||||
October 2, 2005 |
October 3, 2004 |
|||||||
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |
||||||||
Net income |
$ | 21,853 | $ | 17,680 | ||||
Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |
||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
19,393 | 15,979 | ||||||
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense |
2,890 | 60 | ||||||
Income tax benefit on exercise of stock options |
2,014 | 686 | ||||||
Other |
653 | (591 | ) | |||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |
5,359 | 9,117 | ||||||
Cash flows provided by operating activities |
52,162 | 42,931 | ||||||
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |
||||||||
Proceeds from sales of real estate, property and equipment |
| 1,101 | ||||||
Purchases of property and equipment |
(61,075 | ) | (50,152 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from insurance settlement |
335 | | ||||||
Cash flows used in investing activities |
(60,740 | ) | (49,051 | ) | ||||
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |
||||||||
Borrowings of debt |
11,933 | 12,948 | ||||||
Payments of debt and capital lease obligations |
(14,101 | ) | (8,509 | ) | ||||
Repayment of stockholders/officers notes |
3,600 | 114 | ||||||
Purchases of treasury stock |
(83 | ) | | |||||
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan |
5,451 | 1,172 | ||||||
Cash flows provided by financing activities |
6,800 | 5,725 | ||||||
Change in cash and cash equivalents |
(1,778 | ) | (395 | ) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |
4,980 | 4,871 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |
$ | 3,202 | $ | 4,476 | ||||
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |
||||||||
Income taxes paid |
$ | 8,690 | $ | 3,659 | ||||
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized |
1,981 | 1,664 | ||||||
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Items: |
||||||||
Purchases of property and equipment on account |
$ | 7,760 | $ | 3,865 | ||||
Capital lease obligations incurred for building and equipment purchases |
3,350 | | ||||||
Tenant improvement allowance paid directly by landlord to general contractor |
| 1,383 |
Cash Flow Reporting Change
As previously disclosed, during the current fiscal year the Company changed the manner in which it reports its consolidated statements of cash flows to eliminate acquisitions of property and equipment on account, which were previously reported as a component of changes in operating assets and liabilities and purchases of property and equipment in net cash flows provided by operating activities and net cash flows used in investing activities, respectively. There was no impact on net income. These amounts have now been presented as supplemental disclosure of non-cash items. These changes totaled $3.9 million for the forty weeks ended October 3, 2004. These amounts will be reported as future cash outflows when the accrued purchases are paid.
Schedule 1
Reconciliation of Restaurant-Level Operating Profit to Income
from Operations and Net Income
The Company defines restaurant-level operating profit to be restaurant revenues minus restaurant-level operating costs, excluding restaurant closures and impairment costs in the event closure or impairment charges are incurred. It does not include general and administrative costs, depreciation and amortization, franchise development costs and pre-opening costs. The Company believes that restaurant-level operating profit is an important measure of financial performance because it is widely regarded in the restaurant industry as a useful metric by which to evaluate restaurant-level operating efficiency and performance. The Company excludes restaurant closure costs as they do not represent a component of the efficiency of continuing operations. Restaurant impairment costs are excluded, because, similar to depreciation and amortization, they represent a non-cash charge for the Companys investment in its restaurants and not a component of the efficiency of restaurant operations. Restaurant-level operating profit is not a measurement determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative, to income from operations or net income as indicators of financial performance. Restaurant-level operating profit as presented may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. The table below sets forth certain unaudited information for the twelve and forty weeks ended October 2, 2005 and October 3, 2004, expressed as a percentage of total revenues, except for the components of restaurant operating costs, which are expressed as a percentage of restaurant revenues.
Twelve-Weeks Ended |
Forty Weeks Ended |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
October 2, 2005 |
October 3, 2004 |
October 2, 2005 |
October 3, 2004 |
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Restaurant revenues |
$ | 110,993 | 97.2 | % | $ | 95,439 | 97.1 | % | $ | 358,808 | 97.1 | % | $ | 296,628 | 97.0 | % | ||||||||
Restaurant operating costs: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of sales |
25,316 | 22.8 | 22,328 | 23.4 | 83,910 | 23.4 | 70,443 | 23.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Labor |
37,521 | 33.8 | 31,583 | 33.1 | 120,989 | 33.7 | 100,426 | 33.9 | ||||||||||||||||
Operating |
16,726 | 15.1 | 13,495 | 14.1 | 53,653 | 15.0 | 43,124 | 14.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Occupancy |
7,199 | 6.5 | 6,061 | 6.4 | 22,839 | 6.4 | 18,990 | 6.4 | ||||||||||||||||
Restaurant-level operating profit |
24,231 | 21.8 | 21,972 | 23.0 | 77,417 | 21.6 | 63,645 | 21.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Add other revenues |
3,219 | 2.9 | 2,873 | 3.0 | 10,717 | 2.9 | 9,191 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Deduct other operating: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
6,150 | 5.4 | 5,264 | 5.4 | 19,393 | 5.2 | 15,979 | 5.2 | ||||||||||||||||
General and administrative |
7,987 | 6.9 | 7,174 | 7.3 | 27,506 | 7.5 | 24,691 | 8.1 | ||||||||||||||||
Significant and unusual items |
1,543 | 1.4 | | | 1,543 | 0.4 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Pre-opening costs |
1,364 | 1.2 | 1,198 | 1.2 | 4,175 | 1.1 | 3,773 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||
Total other operating |
17,044 | 14.9 | 13,636 | 13.9 | 52,617 | 14.2 | 44,443 | 14.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Income from operations |
10,406 | 9.1 | 11,209 | 11.4 | 35,517 | 9.6 | 28,393 | 9.3 | ||||||||||||||||
Total other expenses |
730 | 0.6 | 510 | 0.5 | 2,312 | 0.6 | 1,579 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
3,209 | 2.8 | 3,608 | 3.7 | 11,352 | 3.1 | 9,134 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Total other |
3,939 | 3.4 | 4,118 | 4.2 | 13,664 | 3.7 | 10,713 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Net income |
$ | 6,467 | 5.7 | % | $ | 7,091 | 7.2 | % | $ | 21,853 | 5.9 | % | $ | 17,680 | 5.8 | % | ||||||||
Certain percentage amounts in the table above do not sum due to rounding as well as the fact that restaurant operating costs are expressed as a percentage of restaurant revenues, as opposed to total revenues.